He was the deputy commander of Mahidi, the pro-Indonesian militia group founded by his brother Cancio de Carvalho.
[6] The militia was accused of committing murders included the killing of individuals who supported East Timor's independence from Indonesia.
Carvalho was accused of participating in several of these atrocities, which included the massacre in Maununu after the villagers refused to evacuate to West Timor.
[2] Leading 60 Mahidi militiamen, Carvalho reportedly attacked the village early in the morning, killing eleven and forcing the remaining survivors to evacuate.
According to the United Nations' estimate during this period, around 50,000 East Timorese refugees lived in West Timor as well as territories controlled by the militia.