Nicolas Pino

Nicolas Pino (1819–1896) was a Mexican loyalist, civil and military leader who participated in planned resistance and rebellion against the U.S. occupation of New Mexico.

Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he swore allegiance to the United States and became a Union officer during American Civil War, rising to the rank of brigadier general on September 9, 1861.

Mexican loyalist emissaries were sent out to all nearest points demanding that the people take part in the uprising in Santa Fe upon the third bell for midnight mass (Spanish: Missa del Gallo), when all of the American officers would be captured.

Vigil informed General Sterling Price, of the Second Missouri Mounted Volunteers, who had a number of conspirators arrested, including Nicolas Pino.

Nicolas took the oath of allegiance to the United States after he was released from prison and enlisted in Captain St. Vrain's company of volunteers following the assassination of governor Charles Bent, participating in the defeat of the insurgents at the Taos Revolt with his friend Manuel Chaves.

On February 25, 1862, Colonel Pino and his 200 Hispano militiamen attempted to make a stand against Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley at the town of Socorro, New Mexico, but they quickly surrendered when the Texans opened fire with a piece of artillery.

The enslaved Indigenous women who were forced to work on Nicolas Pino's ranch not only "performed services for their masters" but also "symbolized social wealth".