Its extant remnants consist only of four words and two songs attributed to her.
This evidence was recorded by non-speakers, as contemporary accounts are clear that no one could be found who could understand Juana Maria.
[1] Based on this limited evidence, Alfred L. Kroeber in 1907 identified Nicoleño as a "Shoshonean language" – and classified it with the Takic branch of Uto-Aztecan that includes Tongva (Gabrieliño), spoken on Santa Catalina Island and the adjacent coast, and Luiseño, spoken to the south.
[2] In 2000, linguist Pamela Munro argued that Nicoleño was part of the Cupan group of Takic languages, and not closely related to Tongva.
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