Object-oriented programming
Significant object-oriented languages include Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java,[4] JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic.NET.
In the glossary of his technical report, Sutherland defined terms like "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction.
[7] Later, in 1968, AED-0, MIT's version of the ALGOL programming language, connected data structures ("plexes") and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions".
[10] Simula was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling, like the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports.
[1] A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by Barbara Liskov lists Simula 67, CLU, and Alphard as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk.
[13] In the 1970s, the first version of the Smalltalk programming language was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls and Adele Goldberg.
Objective-C was developed by Brad Cox, who had used Smalltalk at ITT Inc.. Bjarne Stroustrup created C++ based on his experience using Simula for his PhD thesis.
One well-known example is Apple's Cocoa framework, used on Mac OS X and written in Objective-C. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event-driven programming.
Modula-2 (1978) and Oberon (1987), included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and type checking across module boundaries.
Inheritance is not obvious in Wirth's design since his nomenclature looks in the opposite direction: It is called type extension and the viewpoint is from the parent down to the inheritor.
Many programming languages that existed before OOP have added object-oriented features, including Ada, BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, and COBOL.
The most commercially important "pure" object-oriented languages continue to be Java, developed by Sun Microsystems, as well as C# and Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET), both designed for Microsoft's .NET platform.
As computers began using more parallel processing and multiple threads, it became more important to understand and control how instructions flow.
[41] Steve Yegge noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing things (objects/nouns) before actions (methods/verbs), as opposed to functional programming which does the reverse.
The class defines the data format, like variables (e.g., name, age) and methods (actions the object can take).
This process, called dynamic dispatch, usually happens at run time by checking a table linked to the object to find the correct method.
This makes it easier to change how an object works on the inside without affecting other parts of the program, such as in code refactoring.
[49] Some programming languages, like Java, control information hiding by marking variables as private (hidden) or public (accessible).
[54] The latter point is reiterated by Joe Armstrong, the principal inventor of Erlang, who is quoted as saying:[55] The problem with object-oriented languages is they've got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them.
The programming language runtime will ensure the correct version of the "Draw" method runs for each shape.
Because the details of each shape are handled inside their own classes, this makes the code simpler and more organized, enabling strong separation of concerns.
[64] Paul Graham, a well-known computer scientist, believes big companies like OOP because it helps manage large teams of average programmers.
[65] Eric S. Raymond, a Unix programmer and open-source software advocate, argues that OOP is not the best way to write programs.
[66] Lawrence Krubner argues that OOP doesn't offer special advantages compared to other styles, like functional programming, and can make coding more complicated.
The client and server need to know how to serialize and deserialize these messages so they can be transmitted over the network, and map them to the appropriate object types.
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software is a famous book published in 1994 by four authors: Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides.
These solutions, called "design patterns," are grouped into three types: Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are widely used in software today.
[69] One of the most common solutions is object-relational mapping (ORM), which helps connect object-oriented programs to relational databases.
Examples of ORM tools include Visual FoxPro, Java Data Objects, and Ruby on Rails ActiveRecord.
[73] Although far from trivial, static analysis of object-oriented programming languages such as Java is a mature field,[74] with several commercial tools.
