SH-17 was first established as a state highway, connecting Sterling to Rush Springs, in the mid-1930s.

It was later extended west over a portion of SH-65, bringing its western terminus to Elgin.

SH-17 proceeds due east out of town for approximately 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) before turning southeast.

Around 2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) west of Sterling, the route returns to a due east course, then curves slightly to the south as it enters town.

[3] On the west side of Rush Springs, it intersects the US-81 expressway bypass of the town.