With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening and diabetic retinopathy.
French ophthalmologist Louis Emile Javal began using ocular exercises to treat strabismus (squint) and described the practice of orthoptics in his writings in the late 19th century.
They work closely with ophthalmologists to ensure that patients with eye muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options.
As of 2019[update], there were thirteen programs affiliated with medical facilities or universities in the US and three in Canada offering an orthoptic curriculum.
[22] In the United Kingdom, Austria, Switzerland and Germany, the orthoptic degree is a full time three-year course, including hospital placements to develop and refine clinical skills and specialism.