Osip Maksimovich Bodyansky (Russian: Осип Максимович Бодянский; Ukrainian: Осип Максимович Бодянський, romanized: Osyp Maksymovych Bodianskyi; 31 October 1808 – 6 September 1877) was a Russian Slavist of Ukrainian Cossack descent who studied and taught at the Imperial Moscow University.

Bodyansky was born in the old Ruthenian town of Varva in Poltava Governorate (today Chernihiv Oblast) and later the Pereyaslav Seminary.

Bodyansky's publication of Giles Fletcher's sketch of Muscovy was deemed an act of Russophobia and incurred the displeasure of Tsar Nicholas I, leading to the scholar's departure from Moscow to Kazan.

In his 30s, Bodyansky travelled in the Slavic countries on behalf of the Russian government, in order to study their languages, literature, and societies.

Having for long moved in Slavophile and Pan-Slavist circles, he spent some time working in Prague with Šafárik.