[3] This classification were thought to be corrected by Cheng 2016 as below:[full citation needed] Note: A village unnoted of Vuculj/Ravar is by default placed under Vuculj here.

Kuljaljau Paiwan has 23–24 consonants (/h/ is found only in loanwords, and /ʔ/ is uncommon) and 4 vowels.

In Northern Paiwan the palatal consonants have been lost, though this is recent and a few conservative speakers maintain them as allophonic variants (not as distinct phonemes).

/ʔ/ is robust, unlike in other Paiwan dialects where its status is uncertain, as it derives from *q.

[11] The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995).