Panhispanism

During the Spanish American wars of independence in the early 19th century, Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Miranda, and other rebel leaders aimed for the formation of a united Hispanic-American republic, which failed to materialize.

The nascent revolutionary states with a less broader scope, namely the Federal Republic of Central America, Gran Colombia, and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, all ended up collapsing into the smaller modern countries which are still in existence today.

[7] During this period, the growing expansionist ambitions of the United States, including its imperialistic attitude towards Latin America, resulted in the development of anti-American sentiment as a key part of panhispanism.

[7] This brief surge of panhispanism was dealt a severe blow and largely discredited following the aggressive military interventions of the Spaniards themselves in Hispanic America, namely the occupation of the Dominican Republic (1861-1865) and the Chincha Islands War (1865-1879) against Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

[7] At this time, the Cuban writer and anthropologist Fernando Ortiz characterized panhispanism as a Hispanic "integration movement" fundamentally opposed to pan-Americanism, seen as a tool of United States hegemony.

[12] YouTubers such as "Brigada Antifraude" and the communist Santiago Armesilla are popular proponents of panhispanism, having channels with thousands of views and subscribers, in which they defend the idea of a Hispanic union and attack the Black Legend.

[13] In Puerto Rico, there exists a movement to reunify the island with Spain as its proposed 18th autonomous region,[14] and in Peru, right-wing protestors have been seen carrying the old flag of the Spanish Empire.

[15] A growing and controversial movement in the Philippines, whose supporters are dubbed "the Hispanistas", advocates the restoration of Spanish as an official language of the country and in general a closer integration with the Hispanic world.