A charged particle loses energy in matter by ionization at a rate determined in part by its velocity.
The angle of the photons with respect to the charged particle's direction depends on velocity.
The energy deposited in the calorimeter must match the momentum measured in the tracking chamber.
Muons penetrate more material than other charged particles, and can therefore be identified by their presence in the outermost detectors.
Neutrino energy reconstruction requires accurate charged particle identification.
Additionally, its decay products are transversal to the beam, resulting in a high jet multiplicity.
Charm tagging using similar techniques is also possible, but extremely difficult due to the lower mass.