The Patrimonio Nacional includes palaces, gardens, monasteries and convents, called the Royal sites.

The agency was first created in 1865 during the reign of Isabella II under the name of Patrimonio de la Corona (English: Heritage of the Crown).

During the reign of her grandson, Alfonso XIII, it was also known as Patrimonio Real (English: Royal Heritage).

It also publishes a quarterly magazine, Reales Sitios, about the art collections and cultural history of the Royal sites.

The National Heritage is managed by the Board of Directors of the agency which, according to Act 23/1982, is composed by a Chairperson and a Manager appointed by the Monarch, with the advice of the Prime Minister; and thirteen members of renowned reputation, including two city councilors of towns where properties of Patrimonio Nacional are located (currently the cities of Madrid and Palma) and two members from museums and cultural institutions of recognized prestige and international projection.