It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Hildesheim, Hanover and Gifhorn, and the cities of Brunswick and Salzgitter.

Until the early 19th century, the territory of the district belonged to Brunswick-Celle, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and the Bishopric of Hildesheim.

The Fuhse river enters the district in the south, runs through the town of Peine and leaves northwards to Celle.

This county existed only until 1260, but its rulers were responsible for the foundation of Peine.

Media related to Landkreis Peine at Wikimedia Commons