Periphery countries
These countries are usually behind because of obstacles such as lack of technology, unstable government, and poor education and health systems.
[3] For example, some nations' customs and ports are so inefficient that even though they are geographically closer it is cheaper to ship goods from longer distances.
[4] Other reasons such as wars, non-central location, insufficient infrastructure (rail lines, roads and communications) will keep a country in the periphery of global trade.
Generally the populations tend to be poor and destitute so the core countries will exploit them for cheap labor and will even purposely interfere with their politics to keep things this way.
[3] Usually a peripheral country will specialize in one particular industry, leaving it vulnerable to economic instability and limiting international investment.
What tends to happen is the maximum gain a periphery nation could earn is less than needed to maintain an equilibrium between costs and revenues.
[9] At the beginning of the 19th century, Asia and Africa were considered periphery and their lack of development enabled the United States and Germany to remain successful core nations.
Forced mining labor was placed on the slaves, which enabled Latin America to export cheap goods to Europe.
[8] Both Poland and Latin America were similar during this time period because the aristocrats of these areas became more wealthy due to their interactions with the world economy.
[12] A result of this exploitation was the tendency of underdeveloped states or colonies to move more towards the production of one type of export that would then come to dominate their land, territory and lifestyle economy.
Some of these ways are stabilizing their governments, becoming more industrialized and using natural resources to benefit themselves rather than core countries, and creating a better education system.
[14] One main way in which a periphery country can rise to semi-periphery or core status is through the stabilization of its government.
[14] Political unrest is usually a cause for military action from the core countries in order to protect their interests and keep a cooperative dictator or government in power.
If this is done successfully and the new leader is stays true to his/her word, the country can take the next necessary step in rising from periphery status and that is to start to industrialize.
[15] Most periphery countries rely almost entirely on agriculture and other natural resources such as oil, coal, and diamonds in order to gain some sort of profit, but this also keeps them from growing economically.
Industrializing and adapting newer technology is one of the major ways in which periphery countries can begin to raise their standard of living and help increase the wealth of their citizens.
[13] Becoming industrialized also will help to force trade to come to their cities, if they can produce goods at competitive prices, allowing them to reach out to the global market and take hold.
[16] One of the final steps for a periphery country to rise to semi-periphery or core status is to educate its citizens.
[15] These policies are obviously not beneficial to the core countries and is mostly why they have never been adapted successfully but this is another way in which the periphery could rise to a higher status.
[15] During the early 20th century, the economy of the Russian Empire was a primarily agrarian country with isolated pockets of heavy industries.
By the 1950s and 60s, only about 30 years after it began to industrialize, the Soviet Union was considered by most scholars a core country along with the United States.
[citation needed] Periphery countries as listed in the appendix of "Trade Globalization since 1795: waves of integration in the world-system" that appeared in the American Sociological Review (Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000)).
