Appendix II.—"Concerning the harmony of politics with morals according to the transcendental idea of public right"Kant's essay in some ways resemble modern democratic peace theory.

He speaks of republican, Republikanisch (not democratic) states, which he defines to have representative governments, in which the legislature is separated from the executive.

The essay does not treat republican governments as sufficient by themselves to produce peace: universal hospitality (ius cosmopoliticum) and a federation of free states are necessary to consciously enact his six-point program.

[4] The general idea that popular and responsible governments would be more inclined to promote peace and commerce became one current in the stream of European thought and political practice.

James Mill had described colonialism as outdoor relief for the upper classes; Joseph Schumpeter argued that capitalism made modern states inherently peaceful and opposed to conquest and imperialism, which economically favored the old aristocratic elites.

Mansfield and Pollins, writing in the Journal of Conflict Resolution, summarize a large body of empirical work which, for the most part, supports the thesis.