[2] He works within a research centre called LISE (Laboratoire interdisciplinaire en sociologie économique or "interdisciplinary laboratorium on economic sociology").
Philippe d'Iribarne graduated from École polytechnique of France and from Institut d'études politiques de Paris.
[4] Finally, d'Iribarne questions Hofstede's implicit assumption of uniformity in complex organizations, let alone entire national cultures.
"[5] Instead, though, d'Iribarne notes that in most situations, "society is split into more or less antagonistic groups"[5] and in any case, "meaning is not only received but produced";[5] in short, Hofstede does not allow for the fact that people do not remain static in how they interact with one another.
He and his team within the LISE have so far surveyed organisations in 40-odd countries in Europe, Africa, America and Asia.