The rigorous denial of even the possibility of motion forced a more thorough response from philosophers engaged on the same theoretical project.
[2] Evidence for this theory was found by John Dalton in the early 1800s, explaining the finding that chemical decomposition of compounds gives whole numbered ratios of weight, leading to Dalton's atomic theory[3] Motion conceived in this way led to the approach of determinism and therefore to questioning how free will could exist.
This tiny random motion serves to bring atoms into contact and begin the cascade that leads to the organization of matter as it is perceived by us, introducing an element of uncertainty allowing for the existence of individual choice, an essential concept in Epicure's philosophy.
[4] Aristotle (384 BC) claimed that all motion is caused, and can be sensed, but originally was potentially present in the now moving body.
The philosophy of motion is treated by the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna in his treatise the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā or Fundamental verses of the Middle Way, in the 2nd and 3rd century CE.
Further east, in China, the Sanlun school of Mahayana Buddhism developed a sophisticated philosophy of motion under the philosopher Sengzhao.
These were named olin (bouncing, oscillating) malinalli (spinning, twisting, spiralling) and, the most important, nepantla (weaving, intersecting, joining, balancing).
[5] The Five Ways logical arguments by Thomas Aquinas and the proposed Unmoved Mover is an example of the philosophy of motion from the Medieval era.