Plant transformation vectors contain three key elements: A custom DNA plasmid sequence can be created and replicated in various ways, but generally, all methods share the following processes: Plant transformation using plasmids begins with the propagation of the binary vector in E. coli.
The engineered binary factor is isolated from E. coli and is introduced into Agrobacteria containing a modified (relatively small) Ti plasmid.
These compounds, produced by the condensation between amino acids and sugars, are synthesized and excreted by the crown gall cells, and they are consumed by A. tumefaciens as carbon and nitrogen sources.
The Ti plasmid also contains the genes for opine catabolism produced by the crown gall cells and regions for conjugative transfer and for its own integrity and stability.
[3][4][5] Several chromosomal-determined genetic elements have shown their functional role in the attachment of A. tumefaciens to the plant cell and bacterial colonization.
The loci chvA and chvB are involved in the synthesis and excretion of the b -1,2 glucan,[6] the chvE required for the sugar enhancement of vir genes induction and bacterial chemotaxis.