Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.

As of 1943, there were 2,121 Polish citizens in Tajikistan, according to Soviet data.

[1] After the war, over 4,500 Poles were repatriated from the Tajik SSR to Poland in 1946–1948.

[2] Poland recognized Tajikistan shortly after the Tajik declaration of independence, and bilateral relations were established in 1992.

Several bilateral agreements were signed since, including a double tax avoidance treaty and a cultural and scientific cooperation agreement in Warsaw in 2003, and an economic cooperation agreement in Dushanbe in 2009.