[1] Before a policy is adopted it goes through a process that involves various combinations of elected official(s), political parties, civil servants, advocacy groups, policy experts or consultants, corporations, think tanks, and multiple levels of government.
[3] Policymakers have easy access to global policy knowledge through the internet, access to think tanks, international institutions such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank and individual experts.
[8] Implementation carries risks of failing in various ways, such as ineffectiveness, unacceptable delays and excessive costs.
[8] Practices that improve success rates include setting reasonable expectations, allowing adequate time and sufficient resources, having clear communication and understanding policy objectives, minimizing the number of approvals, simplifying management structures and aligning all relevant groups around the implementation, along with mechanisms to adapt the implementation in accord with subsequent experience to correct problems and take advantage of new opportunities.
[8] The top-down approach involves allowing high-level policymakers set objectives and define implementation strategies.
In addition to increased travel times, a side effect was the reduction of freeway fatalities.
[7] The bottom-up approach helps policymakers to evaluate whether policy goals are open to more than one interpretation.
Should the policy face pushback, policymakers must be open to negotiations for a compromise approach.
[7][9] In America, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) adopted policies that would have benefited from bottom-up perspectives.
However, companies such as Chase Manhattan Bank launched a program in Panama to improve cattle raising by training ranchers to follow the scientific advances of seeding, feeding and breeding cattle more effectively.