Political efficacy

It is closely related to political responsiveness, the degree to which politicians and policymakers actually do respond to voters' beliefs and preferences.

[1] It was introduced by Angus Campbell, Gerald Gurin, and W. E. Miller during an analyses of behavior and attitude of the voters in the 1952 United States presidential election and defined as the "feeling that individual action does have, or can have, an impact upon the political process".

"[4] Proportional representation shows higher political efficacy compared to plurality and majoritarian systems.

[7] There are multiple ways in which citizens' political efficacy can be expressed: through the media, by having the right to protest, by being able to create petitions, and by having free and fair elections.

People with relatively high efficacy were found to express policy preferences that are more in line with their ideological orientation and more extreme; and people with low efficacy tend to express more moderate policy preferences.