They provide sensory innervation to the upper molar teeth and adjacent gum, and the maxillary sinus.

[1]: 496 They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek.

[citation needed] The nerves provide sensory innervation to the upper/maxillary molar teeth and the associated gingiva of the vestibule, and the maxillary sinus.

[citation needed] When giving a posterior superior alveolar nerve block, it will anesthetize the mesialbuccal root of the maxillary/upper first molar tooth approximately 72% of the time.

[citation needed] This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 890 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)