However, a retromalleolar hypovascular region exists in the area and may contribute to the disease.
Other proposed causes include constriction underneath the flexor retinaculum, talus abnormalities, osteoarthritis, and preexisting flatfoot.
[1][2][3] Imaging is the primary method of diagnosis;[2] however, physical evaluation will often be used to determine if more testing is required.
[2] Treatment is dependent on the stage the disease is at, and certain factors such as the patient being elderly.
[2] Prognosis is usually good, especially if caught in early stages and patient makes sure to not overextend themselves during recovery.
Once disease reaches later stages, residual damage will be unavoidable, no matter how many reconstructions are done.