Singer studies a number of ethical issues including race, sex, ability, species, abortion, euthanasia, infanticide, embryo experimentation, the moral status of animals, political violence, overseas aid, and whether we have an obligation to assist others.

The 1993 second edition adds chapters on refugees, the environment, equality and disability, embryo experimentation, and the treatment of academics in Germany.

[4] The philosopher James Rachels recommended the book "as an introduction centered on such practical issues as abortion, racism, and so forth.

While writing that "The utility of this utilitarian's book to students of its subject can hardly be exaggerated", Hart also criticized Practical Ethics for philosophical inconsistency in its chapter on abortion.

He argues that Singer insufficiently explains how preference and classical utilitarianism each view abortion, and does not bring out their differences.