Pressure-wind relationship calculations for tropical cyclones

There are several different methods to derive pressure from wind speed and vice versa in tropical cyclones.

[1] According to Christopher Burt from Weather Underground, the most reliable method of estimating pressure from wind involves using the Dvorak Technique with an infrared image, which shows how cold cloud tops are.

[2] Joe Courtney and John Knaff noted that as several models are based on Atlantic data, it can lead to biases in other parts of the world.

Where vm is the maximum wind, Δp is the change in pressure from an external point to the center.

[4] Knaff and Zehr (2007) came up with the following formula to relate wind and pressure, taking into account movement, size, and latitude:[5]

[5] S is more specifically defined as the ratio of tangential wind at a radius of 500 kilometres (310 mi) to its value under a Rankine vortex model.

[4] Joe Courtney and John A. Knaff published in 2009 a correction to the previous Knaff-Zehr model.

They noted that the Knaff-Zehr model had issues with calculating for storms at low latitudes.

[7] Pressure-wind relations can be used when information is incomplete, forcing forecasters to rely on the Dvorak Technique.

For example, Hurricane Sandy had a lower pressure than expected with its associated wind speed.