Manipulation of the prostate gland through massage, biopsy or rectal exam before a test may increase the level.

Subsequent work, suggested that it has a role in prognosticating intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer, and led to renewed interest in it as a biomarker.

They called the fibers semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) and showed that they capture HIV virions promoting their attachment to target cells.

The association of PAP with HIV may increase the ability of the virus to infect human cells "by several orders of magnitude."

When in distress, nerve cells release a chemical known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which in turn invokes a painful sensation.