[2] This species is also known as the rose chafer and has a wide geographic distribution, extending from Canary Islands, Portugal, and Spain to the west towards Vladivostok in the Russian Far East, Mongolia, and North China.

From the Canary Islands, Portugal, and Spain, the beetle's range extends eastward to Vladivostok in the Russian Far East and further encompasses Mongolia and North China.

The subspecies Protaetia cuprea obscura is notably absent in Germany but is found across Central and Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria (lowlands), Hungary, Italy (near Venezia), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece.

[6] In the southeast regions, spanning areas from Turkey to the Caucasus, new subspecies, including obscura, cuprina, ignicollis, caucasica, and hieroglyphica, are found, further enriching the distribution profile of this species.

Such adaptability extends to a wide altitude range, with P. cuprea populations established from sea-level shorelines to the more challenging conditions at elevations up to 2000 meters.

This altitude range encompasses various environmental conditions, highlighting the species' capacity to adapt and thrive in varying climatic and geographical landscapes.

Furthermore, P. cuprea has been observed to exhibit opportunistic feeding behavior, consuming a wide range of organic materials depending on its availability in their habitat.

[7] Upon hatching, female beetles demonstrate maternal care by actively tending to the larvae, ensuring they have access to suitable food resources and protection from predators, parasites, and environmental stressors.

Morphological features traditionally used for taxonomical classification, such as coloration, body structure, and reproductive organ shapes, show significant variation that does not neatly correlate with genetic relationships.

This implies a multifaceted regulation of morphological diversity in the P. cuprea complex, with genetic, environmental, and possibly other biotic factors contributing to the species' phenotypic plasticity.

The deformation of insect wings, specifically the twisting and cambering during the flapping cycle, is primarily facilitated by their mechanical properties and elastic structure rather than direct muscle action.

During low-speed flight, wings experience pronounced chord-wise elastic deformations, especially near the proximal trailing edge, contributing to significant twists and enhanced camber.

Recent research conducted utilized two mitochondrial DNA markers (COI and CytB) alongside morphological, coloration, and geographical distribution analyses to assess population divergence within this species complex.

[3] Despite various approaches by different groups to investigate the P. cuprea complex, the taxonomic resolution of these clades remains ambiguous, with contradictory findings across studies.

Despite initial hypotheses predicting a more significant increase in wing camber with beetle size, actual deflections scaled less steeply with body mass.

An interesting observation was that starved beetles increased their body mass by 6% after feeding on apples for two hours, providing enough energy for a 630-meter flight, assuming a carbohydrate assimilation efficiency of 90%.

Low in water and carbohydrates but high in proteins and lipids, pollen offers a higher caloric content and different assimilation processes for converting food to flight energy.

[4] The study by Babarabie et al. (2018) highlights the possible agricultural benefits of utilizing P. cuprea larvae in composting organic materials, including kitchen waste and various types of leaves.

The findings reveal that compost derived from kitchen waste processed by these larvae contained higher levels of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.