Public research and development

Israel is the world leader as a percentage of GDP in public spending in research and development, the United States leads in total sums spent.

Economists have made significant strides to understand the dynamics of public R&D, along with its cascading effects.

It is generally known as a 'policy success', if the public R&D (especially the government R&D subsidy) could stimulate the R&D investment of private sectors.

So far, there is no conclusive viewpoint in the literature (e.g., Toole, 2007;[6] Cohen, Coval, and Malloy, 2011;[7] Azoulay, Zivin, Li, and Sampat, 2018[8]).

[9] Israel leads the world in spending as a percentage of the economy on Research and development.

Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned. [ 1 ]