Rajasthani languages are also spoken in the Bahawalpur and Multan sectors of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Tharparkar district of Sindh.

Marwari, the most spoken Rajasthani language with approximately 8 million speakers[7] situated in the historic Marwar region of western Rajasthan.

However, they are controversially conflated with the Hindi languages of the Central-Zone in the Indian national census, among other places[citation needed].

[15] In 2003, the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to insert recognition of Rajasthani into the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India.

[16] In May 2015, a senior member of the pressure group Rajasthani Bhasha Manyata Samiti said at a New Delhi press conference: "Twelve years have passed, but there has absolutely been no forward movement.

"[17] All 25 Members of Parliament elected from Rajasthan state,[17] as well as former Chief Minister, Vasundhara Raje Scindia,[18] have also voiced support for official recognition of the language.

[19] In 2019 Rajasthan Government included Rajasthani as a language subject in state's open school system.

[25] The phonetic characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit, surviving in Rajasthani language, is the series of "retroflex" or "cerebral" consonants, ṭ (ट), ṭh (ठ), ḍ (ड), ḍh (ढ), and ṇ (ण).

These to the Indians and Rajasthani are quite different from the "dentals", t (त), th (थ), d (द), dh (ध), n (न) etc.

The consonant ḷ(ळ) is frequently used in Rajasthani, which also occurs in vedic and some prakrits, is pronounced by placing the tongue on the top of the hard palate and flapping it forward.

Furthermore, there are a number of vowel substitutions, and the Hindi /l/ sound (ल) is often realized in Rajasthani as a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ (ळ).

While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after.

So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool.

Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank.

As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon.

dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ – compartment, has the neuter ũ.

Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karnũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlnũ – to admit (fault), kharīdnũ – to buy, kharǎcnũ – to spend (money), gujarnũ – to pass.

Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India.

The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility.

Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.

[63] The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ].

[65]Tank— c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult.

tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port.

Single quotation mark (') is also used to denote continuation sound like देख'र(dekha'r) हरे'क (hare'k)(every) etc.

[71] Linguists and their work and year: [Note: Works concerned only with linguistics, not with literature] The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations): First newspaper published in Rajasthani was Rajputana Gazette published from Ajmer in 1885.

The educational system predominantly uses Hindi or English, leading to a decline in the younger generation's proficiency in their native tongue.

Urbanization and migration often lead speakers to prioritize learning Hindi or English for better economic and social opportunities.

This shift can lead to a decrease in the use of Rajasthani in daily life and a decline in language transmission to future generations.

Addressing these issues requires concerted efforts from the government, educational institutions, and cultural organizations to promote and preserve the Rajasthani language.

Efforts to improve official recognition, standardize the language, enhance its presence in education and media, and support its literary and cultural development are crucial for its preservation and promotion.