[21] Regarding revolutionary activities in military units and the navy, Mirza Davud Huseynov wrote:[22] In the Baku garrison, we had cells in virtually every military unit...The same was true for the navy... At that time, comrade Ildırım was an assistant to the head of Baku Port, and we operated through him.Nariman Narimanov's cousin, Muzaffar Narimanov, a member of "Hummat," served in the Azerbaijani army, later joining the Musavat counterintelligence service, and subsequently worked in the Ministry of Labor's conflict department.

This slogan is highly popular, capable of uniting all Muslim laborers around it and mobilizing them for an uprising.According to the memoirs of Nariman Narimanov and Sergey Mironovich Kirov, Lenin believed that Soviet Azerbaijan should serve as a model for the peoples of the East.

On February 22, 1920, the editorial office of the Bolshevik newspaper "Novy Mir" was sealed, and several of its staff members were arrested by order of the Governor-General of Baku, General Murad Geray bey Tlekhas.

[93] On March 15, during a raid on the Central Workers’ Club in Baku, where a rally commemorating S. Kazibekov, who had been killed in Dagestan, was being held, 24 communist activists, including Dadash Bunyadzade, Gasim Ismayilov, and Sumbat Fatelizade, were arrested.

We currently possess 2,500 rifles, ammunition, bombs, revolvers, etc.In a March 7 telegram to the Central Committee of the RCP(b), Kirov reported that following the de facto recognition of Azerbaijan's independence by the Entente, the government had intensified its repression against the Bolsheviks, forcing them into clandestine activities.

On March 9, two days after informing the Central Committee of the RCP(b) about the situation of Azerbaijan's Bolsheviks, Kirov sent a letter to Mikoyan proposing several measures for coordinated action between the armed groups in Baku and the XI Red Army.

[122] To avoid undesirable consequences in Turkey and other Muslim countries, Azerbaijan Communist Party representatives secured guarantees from the XI Red Army headquarters that their forces would not enter Azerbaijani territory until 24 hours after the uprising began.

[123] At that time, an illegal issue of the newspaper "Yeni Dunya", the organ of the AKP Central and Baku Committees, was published with slogans such as "A call to overthrow the bey-khan government of Musavat", "Long live Soviet power!"

If we must direct all our forces toward Poland and Finland, and if oil can be obtained peacefully, wouldn't it be prudent to delay the war?Despite Lenin's hesitation regarding a large-scale or protracted conflict in the South Caucasus due to the Soviet-Polish tensions, A.

[148] On April 21, 1920, Mikhail Tukhachevsky issued the following directive to the 11th Red Army and the Volga-Caspian Military Fleet regarding the planned assault on Baku:[149] The main Azerbaijani forces are concentrated in the western part of the country.

[154] On April 26, representatives of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijani Communist Party, including Gazanfar Musabekov, Habib Jabiev, and Anastas Mikoyan, arrived at the armored train group's headquarters on the Azerbaijan-Dagestan border.

[175] Realizing the hopeless situation for the Baku garrison and acknowledging that units of the 11th Red Army had already crossed the border (coinciding with the uprising), the Minister of War, Samad Mehmandarov, sought to avoid bloodshed.

Aiming to prevent bloodshed, Shafi bey Rustambeyli, a member of the Central Committee of the Musavat Party, proposed in a closed meeting, attended by Yusufbeyli, that some deputies leave Baku for Ganja to organize resistance.

[185] In his final order, the Minister of War, Mehmandarov, thanked military personnel for their service and expressed confidence that the soldiers and officers of the Azerbaijani army would serve Azerbaijan under the new government with the same loyalty and bravery.

Unable to resist the combined forces of foreign and domestic counter-revolution alone, the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee proposes entering a fraternal alliance with the government of the Russian Soviet Republic to jointly fight global imperialism and requests immediate assistance by dispatching Red Army units.During a rally at the Workers’ Theater, Mikoyan noted that, including the last battle near Bileceri that lasted nine hours, Soviet forces had clashed three times with enemy armored units.

[220] As Soviet armored trains advanced toward Baku, the 2nd Cavalry Corps moved toward Qusar, Quba, Shamakhi, and Kurdamir, securing the operation from the west and cutting off the Musavat Army's routes to retreat to Ganja.

On the morning of April 28, Samad Agha Agamalioglu contacted Ganja, Gazakh, Tovuz, Shamakhi, Lankaran, and other districts from the Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom) headquarters to announce the coup in Baku and the establishment of Soviet rule there.

[226] By midday on April 28, the armored train Timofey Ulyantsev reached Kurdamir station, later occupying Yevlakh in the evening, effectively connecting the central regions of the country with the Karabakh and Shaki-Zaqatala zones.

[77] Some Turks serving under the Musavatists, such as Hulusi Mammadzadeh, an officer of the Shirvan Regiment that formed the core of the Lankaran garrison in late 1919 and early 1920, engaged in propaganda among soldiers in favor of Soviet rule.

"[249] A. Todorsky, who at the time was a brigade commander in the 28th Rifle Division, recalled that the workers of Baku welcomed the regiments of the Red Army with enthusiasm, "offering us bouquets of flowers and showing great hospitality.

[212] In November 1920, during an interview with a Pravda correspondent, Joseph Stalin remarked:[253] The significance of the Caucasus for the revolution lies not only in its being a source of raw materials, fuel, and provisions but also in its strategic position between Europe and Asia, particularly between Russia and Turkey, as well as the presence of key economic-strategic routes (Batumi-Baku, Batumi-Tabriz, and Batumi-Tabriz-Erzurum).

[276] At the Second Congress of the Azerbaijani Communist (Bolshevik) Party held on October 16–23, 1920, Nariman Narimanov suggested that during the expropriation campaigns targeting the bourgeoisie, local customs and the psychology of the Muslim population should be taken into account.

As a result, everything continued as it had before.On September 20, 1920, Behbud Agha Shahtakhtinsky, Azerbaijan's representative in Moscow, wrote to Lenin, detailing the dire state of affairs:[281] The Red Army behaves in a reactionary manner, and astonishing reports are coming in from the regions.

Azerbaijan, which once lived off its own bread, is now breadless, while starving Georgia and Armenia are now well-supplied with bread.On February 22, 1921, an order signed by Nariman Narimanov was issued to prevent unauthorized searches and confiscation of household property.

Yet some of our reckless comrades not only confiscated the jewelry but directly tore the earrings off from the ears.After the establishment of Soviet power in Baku, persecution against "class enemies," supporters of the old regime, and intellectuals began immediately.

[294] In early May, the AzCheka sentenced 21 White Guards, including Generals Sergey Rudnev, Pashkovski, Razdorski, Yudenovich, Dmitriev, and Nikolay Tetruyev, to execution, citing accusations of killing communists, captured Red Army soldiers, and civilians, as well as suppressing revolutionary uprisings.

The opposition was neither united nor organized but consisted of two main anti-Soviet political activity centers: the National Liberation Committee, established by exiles in Tbilisi, and a clandestine group formed by young Musavat members.

[315] According to American historian Firuz Kazemzadeh, the entry of the 11th Red Army into Azerbaijan before any official request for assistance and the organization of the Baku Bolshevik uprising in close coordination with it indicate that the overthrow of the Musavat government occurred "due to the power of a resurgent Russia.

B. Shirokorad noted:[319] The intervention of Soviet troops in Azerbaijan followed the standard Bolshevik scenario: a local revolutionary committee (revkom) initiates an actual or "virtual" workers' uprising and immediately calls for assistance from the Red Army.

[321] Azerbaijani historian R. Mustafazadeh, on the other hand, identifies the most critical factor in the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) as "the strategic goals of this region being tied to the rapprochement between Kemalist Turkey and Soviet Russia.