Rice-duck farming

It has existed in different forms for centuries in Asian countries including China, Indonesia, and the Philippines, sometimes also involving fish.

Integrated rice-duck farming uses hybrid ducks such as Aigamo that avoid eating the leaves of rice plants.

[7] The ducks eat weeds, preventing those plants from competing with the rice and limiting its growth.

[1][2][8] Both soil nutrients and water parameters including nitrate, dissolved organic matter, dissolved oxygen, and suspended solids are higher because of duck manuring and dabbling in the soil, raising production and farm profits in comparison to rice farming without ducks (or fish).

Depending on the system, it may require the field to be more carefully managed, such as being flooded to the exact depth needed for ducks to swim freely but still able to dabble on the bottom.