Roman cement

[1][2][3] The success of Roman cement led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial mixtures of clay and chalk.

[2][5] In 1791, Parker was granted a patent "Method of Burning bricks, Tiles, Chalk".

"[footnote 1][3] From around 1807 a number of people looked to make artificial versions of this cement (or more strictly hydraulic lime as it was not burnt at fusion temperatures).

The name "Portland cement" is also recorded in a directory published in 1823 being associated with William Lockwood, Dave Stewart, and possibly others.

[5] James Frost is reported to have erected a manufactory for making of an artificial cement in 1826.

[5][9] Development in the 1860s of rotating horizontal kiln technology brought dramatic changes in properties, arguably resulting in modern cement.

Above the ornate south doorway of Lichfield Cathedral stand seven figures carved in Roman cement.
The Alamo Portland and Roman Cement Works, in Brackenridge Park, San Antonio, Texas, United States