Rudolf Tayerlé (1877–1942) was a Czechoslovak Social Democratic politician and trade union leader.
In 1922 he was instrumental in expelling the communists from the Odborové sdružení českoslovanské.
In 1942 he was elected vice-president of the International Federation of Trade Unions.
Tayerlé was arrested shortly after the German invasion of Czechoslovakia.
He died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.