Tradition holds that it was erected atop the remains of an Ancient Roman temple dedicated to Jove.

In the early 16th-century papal bull by Pope Leo X describes it as a collegiate church, Collegio di San Girolamo, with 12 priests.

The present church was designed by Ennemond Alexandre Petitot, who replaced the prior facade, construction started in 1707 but was not completed till 1762.

The façade is decorated with the papal symbols of the tiara, festoons, and keys, in a design by Petitot and modeled in stucco by Benigno Bossi.

[1] The main altar has a canvas depicting the Madonna and child and Saints Peter and Paul by Alessandro Mazzola.