In Kim's own analysis, African taurines gained key adaptations in 16 genes for immunity (most importantly, trypanosomosis tolerance), heat-tolerance and reproduction.

[5] Trypanosomiasis poses a considerable constraint on livestock agricultural development in Tsetse fly infested areas of West and Central Africa.

International research conducted by ILRI in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya has shown that the N'Dama is the most resistant breed.

A combination of genetic studies with archaeological research, including cultural history, has clarified the question of the complex origin of Sanga cattle in recent years.

Morphological features of early Sanga cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns, are depicted on murals of Ancient Egypt.

[18] These cattle would have originated in the regions of North Africa, as a variant of the indigenous African aurochs, but would have been domesticated in the Sudan.

[19] Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the African continent.

A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an aurochs, a wild ancestor of domestic cattle, were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the MSA.

"[27] The managing of Barbary sheep may be viewed as parallel evidence for the domestication of cattle amid the early period of the Holocene.

[28] Near Nabta Playa, in the Western Desert, between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, semi-sedentary African hunter-gatherers may have independently domesticated African cattle as a form of reliable food source and as a short-term adaptation to the dry period of the Green Sahara, which resulted in a limited availability of edible flora.

[28] In the Western Desert, at the E-75-6 archaeological site, amid 10th millennium cal BP and 9th millennium cal BP, African pastoralists may have managed North African cattle (Bos primigenius) and continually used the watering basin and well and as water source.

[28] Altogether, these forms of genetic evidence provide the strongest support for the independent domestication of African cattle.

[29] 20th century authors date the first Sanga cattle, which originated through by crossing in of Zebu bulls in northeast and east Africa, from 1600 BCE onward.