It was first built in 1368 by the city's tailors' guild as the "St.-Gertraud-, Urban- und Theobald-Kapelle vor dem Gubener Tor" (Chapel of St Gertrude, Saint Urban and Saint Theobald before the Gubener Gate) to provide a place of worship for merchants heading south and stopping off in the city.
After the Napoleonic Wars the tailors' guild could no longer afford to maintain the building and responsibility for this passed to the city authorities.
The church was dilapidated by 1822 and services moved to the Marienkirche instead during 1823 and 1856 whilst restorations were carried out.
The new three-aisled Neo Gothic basilica by Carl Christ and Wilhelm Kinzel was completed and consecrated on 20 December 1878, with the new organ installed the following year.
Since 1980 the worship space has also housed the medieval altar, bronze font, seven-branched candlestick and several inscriptions.