Following the death of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in the year 1743, a succession dispute arose in Jaipur.

He based his claim on a historical agreement signed in 1708 between Maharana Amar Singh II of Mewar and other Rajput states, including Kingdom of Amber (Jaipur's predecessor).

Despite the setback, Ishwari Singh, emboldened by the initial victory, marched against and defeated the Hada Chauhan chiefs of Bundi and Kota with Maratha assistance.

However, Malhar Rao Holkar demanded a hefty sum and territorial concessions in exchange for aiding Madho Singh's claim.

Suddenly the pent-up hatred of the Rajput gentry burst forth and a riot broke out at noon and citizens attacked unsuspected Marathas.

Madho Singh I posted assassins along the escape routes to kill off the Maratha envoys calling for aid.

He later reconciled with the Marathas after rewarding Holkar for his help in gaining the Jaipur throne by giving him the parganas of Rampura, Bhanpura and Tonk in 1753.

Concerned about a potential Maratha attack on Bharatpur, Jawahir Singh made peace with Jaipur by paying a subsidy to the Sikhs, who then withdrew.

Jawahar Singh’s army included trained troops with artillery, led by two European officers, Walter Reinhard (known as Sombre and the husband of Begum Samru) and Rene Madec.

With this reinforced army, he advanced again, causing the Rajputs to retreat,[8][9][10] He died in 1768 after a rule of 17 years after contracting dysentery after a battle with Jawahar Singh.

Many dramas and poetic works were written under his patronage such as Veli Rukmani, Madhav Natakam, Madahava Vijaikavyama, Rajaritinirupana, Sataka, etc.