It is endemic to northern Rift Valley in Ethiopia, where it has been recorded from Lake Langano (its type locality) and the Awash National Park; the latter population might represent a distinct species.

Dorsal ground colour varies from pale greenish-grey to sepia.

Sclerophrys langanoensis occurs in and near permanent water (stream-fed pools, irrigation ditches, and non-alkaline lakes) in arid savanna and semi-desert areas at elevations of 700–1,585 m (2,297–5,200 ft) above sea level.

However, irrigation schemes that increase the availability of suitable habitat could benefit it.

S. langanoensis occurs in one protected area, the Awash National Park.