On November 11, 1909, Major General John J. Pershing assumed his duties as governor of the Moro province.

[2] The attempted enforcement of this order brought about the Second Battle of Bud Dajo.

In December 1911, an estimated 800 Moros fortified the top of the dormant volcano, a sacred site for refuge.

[3] Pershing, realizing the Moros had not time to provision their fortress, used two infantry battalions, a machine gun platoon, six troops of the 2nd Cavalry, a field artillery battery, five companies of the Philippine Scouts, and a company of Moro Constabulary.

[1]: 225  Pershing, through negotiations, succeeded in persuading the majority of the assembled Moros to return home.