Semi-presidential republic

[1][2][3][4] Maurice Duverger's original definition of semi-presidentialism stated that the president had to be elected, possess significant power, and serve for a fixed term.

[7] Modern definitions merely declare that the head of state has to be elected and that a separate prime minister that is dependent on parliamentary confidence has to lead the legislative.

The president may choose the prime minister and cabinet, but only the parliament may approve them and remove them from office with a vote of no confidence.

This subtype is used in: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde,[8] East Timor,[8][9] France, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Niger, Georgia (2013–2018), Poland (de facto, however, according to the Constitution, Poland is a parliamentary republic),[10][11][12] Portugal, Romania, São Tomé and Príncipe,[8] Sri Lanka, Turkey (de facto between 2014 and 2018, until the constitutional amendment to switch the government to presidential from parliamentary), and Ukraine (since 2014; previously, between 2006 and 2010).

Cohabitation can create either an effective system of checks and balances, or a period of bitter and tense stonewalling, depending on the attitudes of the two leaders, the ideologies of themselves/their parties, and the demands of their supporters.

This has significantly lowered the chances of cohabitation occurring, as parliamentary and presidential elections may now be conducted within a shorter span of each other.

[21][22] Advantages Disadvantages In a president-parliamentary system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and the legislature.

World's states coloured by systems of government :
Parliamentary systems : Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch
Parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president
Parliamentary republic with an executive president
Presidential system : Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
Presidential republic
Hybrid systems:
Semi-presidential republic : Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
Assembly-independent republic : Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
Other systems:
Theocratic republic: Supreme Leader holds significant executive and legislative power
Semi-constitutional monarchy : Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
Absolute monarchy : Monarch has unlimited power
One-party state : Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
Military junta : Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
Provisional government : No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
Dependent territories or places without governments
Note: this chart represents the de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.