He became a socialist at age fifteen and joined the Bolsheviks when the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party split in 1903.
In 1918, he returned to Petrograd to work in the All-Russian Soviet of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Deputies and then served as a political commissar for the Red Army during the Civil War; he was stationed in Smolensk.
At the Tenth Party Congress of 1921, however, internal factions were banned and the Workers's Opposition was dissolved with immediate effect, even though Medvedev was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee.
Eventually, a resolution was passed allowing the three to remain in the party unless they committed further violations of its discipline, while two other signatories of the appeal, F. Mitin (b.
[3] In 1924, Medvedev wrote "Letter to a Baku Oppositionist", for which he and Shliapnikov were investigated by the Party Central Control Commission (CCC) in 1926.
After Leningrad party chief Sergey Kirov was assassinated in December 1934, Stalin ordered the arrests of many former oppositionists.