It specifically draws on the GID's social institutions variables that are grouped into five categories or sub-indices: Family Code, Physical Integrity, Civil Liberties, Son Preference (measured as the incidence of missing women), and Ownership Rights.
[2] Econometric analysis using the SIGI have shown the significant impact of social institutions on gender equality outcomes.
For example, higher levels of gender inequality in social institutions are strongly correlated to lower participation of women in paid labor.
Some high-income countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, for example, have high levels of gender inequality.
The higher the percentage of women who can read and write, the lower the discrimination they suffer in social institutions.