[2][3] Buddhist universities such as Nalanda taught various forms of physical culture, such as swimming and archery,[4] with Buddha himself having been well-acquainted with martial activities prior to his enlightenment.
[5] Gurukulas focused significantly on physical education alongside academics, with Hindu epics such as the Ramayana often depicting kings marrying off their daughters to men who excelled in athletic events.
[26] Bengalis became particularly involved in seeking to combat British stereotypes of effeteness by pursuing physical culture and martial arts,[27][28][29] with organizations such as the Hindu Mela contributing.
[38] Indians also sought to standardize and revitalize their native physical culture during this time period, with institutions such as the akharas and vyayamshalas playing a role.
"stay strong"), which is seeking to revive traditional Indian workouts and which has received significant interest from different groups in the cricket world.
[43] The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has encouraged loyalty to India as a Hindu country in its followers through the practice of traditional Indian physical culture.
[44] In the colonial era, gyms and other physical culture institutions helped freedom fighters build their strength towards anti-colonial resistance.