There are some products such as the open-source TerraLib which use a middleware approach storing their data in a relational database.
Unlike in the pure spatial domain, there are however no official or de facto standards for spatio-temporal data models and their querying.
[2] Another approach is the constraint database system such as MLPQ (Management of Linear Programming Queries).
SpaceTime is a commercial spatiotemporal database built on top of the proprietary multidimensional index similar to the kd-tree family, but created using the bottom-up approach and adapted to particular space-time distribution of data.
[5] In a study conducted by Ericsson, SpaceTime significantly outperformed GeoMesa.