Spin angular momentum of light
The spin angular momentum of light (SAM) is the component of angular momentum of light that is associated with the quantum spin and the rotation between the polarization degrees of freedom of the photon.
Photons, which are the quanta of light, have been long recognized as spin-1 gauge bosons.
The polarization of the light is commonly accepted as its “intrinsic” spin degree of freedom.
However, in free space, only two transverse polarizations are allowed.
Thus, the photon spin is always only connected to the two circular polarizations.
To construct the full quantum spin operator of light, longitudinal polarized photon modes have to be introduced.
An electromagnetic wave is said to have circular polarization when its electric and magnetic fields rotate continuously around the beam axis during propagation.
) depending on the field rotation direction and, according to the convention used: either from the point of view of the source, or the receiver.
When a light beam is circularly polarized, each of its photons carries a spin angular momentum (SAM) of
sign is positive for left and negative for right circular polarizations (this is adopting the convention from the point of view of the receiver most commonly used in optics).
This SAM is directed along the beam axis (parallel if positive, antiparallel if negative).
The above figure shows the instantaneous structure of the electric field of left (
The green arrows indicate the propagation direction.
The mathematical expressions reported under the figures give the three electric-field components of a circularly polarized plane wave propagating in the
The general expression for the spin angular momentum is[1]
is the conjugate canonical momentum of the vector potential
The general expression for the orbital angular momentum of light is
denotes four indices of the spacetime and Einstein's summation convention has been applied.
To quantize light, the basic equal-time commutation relations have to be postulated,[2]
satisfy the canonical angular momentum commutation relations
After the plane-wave expansion, the photon spin can be re-expressed in a simple and intuitive form in the wave-vector space
is the field operator of the photon in wave-vector space and the
denote the two transverse polarizations of light in free space and unit vector
To incorporate the gauge invariance into the photon angular momenta, a re-decomposition of the total QED angular momentum and the Lorenz gauge condition have to be enforced.
Finally, the direct observable part of spin and orbital angular momenta of light are given by
which recover the angular momenta of classical transverse light.
) is the transverse part of the electric field (vector potential),
We can define the annihilation operators for circularly polarized transverse photons:
For a single plane-wave photon, the spin can only have two values
The corresponding eigenfunctions describing photons with well defined values of SAM are described as circularly polarized waves:
