It is located in the center of Amos, on the east bank of the Harricana River on the highest hill of the town, and visible for a great distance.

Joseph Dudemaine celebrated the first Mass in what is now Amos on 15 October 1911, the feast of Saint Teresa of Ávila, in the home of a parishioner.

Construction commenced in 1922 on plans by Aristide Beaugrand-Champagne of Montreal, who had also designed the neo-Byzantine Church of St. Michael (1915), and was completed the following year.

St. Teresa's is a unique example of Byzantine Revival architecture, which itself was uncommon in North America at the time of construction, with Romanesque elements.

The interior decor has been enriched in phases by the parishioners, including stained glass windows from France on three sides, and a large mosaic of St. Teresa of Italian ceramic tiles with gold powder behind the main altar.