Our Lady, Star of the Sea

[4] It seems that at some later stage a copyist transcribed this as stella maris, "star of the sea", and this transcription error became widespread.

The plainsong hymn Ave Maris Stella ("Hail, Star of the Sea") dates from about the 8th century.

[citation needed] In the twelfth century, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux wrote: "If the winds of temptation arise; if you are driven upon the rocks of tribulation look to the star, call on Mary.

Should anger, or avarice, or fleshly desire violently assail the frail vessel of your soul, look at the star, call upon Mary.

"[5] Pope Pius XII, in his encyclical Doctor Mellifluus, also quoted Bernard of Clairvaux in saying: "Mary... is interpreted to mean 'Star of the Sea'.

Stella Maris Monastery, the foundation house of the Carmelite order, was established on Mount Carmel in Haifa in the early thirteenth century.

"[18] In the Philippines' historic Battles of La Naval de Manila, many believed that Mary's intercession caused the victory.