Steer-by-wire

Manufacturers implementing these systems included Citroën, Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Porsche, and Toyota.

Four-wheel steering systems reappeared in the late 2000s and 2010s in models by manufacturers including Acura, BMW, Nissan, Porsche, and Renault.

[16] Car manufacturers that have offered rear-axle steering in the 2020s include Acura, Audi, Bentley, BMW, Cadillac, Ferrari, General Motors, Genesis, Lamborghini, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, and Rolls-Royce.

[15] Rolls-Royce vehicles based on the Architecture of Luxury platform, such as the Cullinan, Spectre, Ghost, and Phantom, have computer-controlled four-wheel steering.

Planned production vehicles with no-steering-column SbW as of 2023 include: Lexus RZ 450e,[28] Nio ET9,[29] Toyota bZ4X,[22] and Geely Super Van.

SpeedE, an academic concept car developed for studying drive-by-wire technologies [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Up-fitted drive-by-wire systems, such as the Paravan Space Drive, have been available since as early as 2003 for existing production vehicles. [ 6 ]
The Infiniti Q50 was the first production road-vehicle without a traditional steering column, though one was still equipped as a backup. [ 2 ]