[3] State Highway 73 (MN 73) and Saint Louis County Road 22 (CR 22) are two of the main routes in the township.

The southern portion of Sturgeon Township is located within the Superior National Forest in Saint Louis County.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.9 square miles (96 km2), all land.

[4] The river runs roughly diagonally throughout Sturgeon Township, in a northwest–southeast direction.

Gilmore Creek flows through the southeast portion of Sturgeon Township.