To the northwest, Sugarloaf is separated from Plateau Mountain by Mink Hollow Notch; to the southeast, Sugarloaf is separated from Twin Mountain by Pecoy Notch.

Sugarloaf Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.

The northwestern slopes of Sugarloaf drain into Roaring Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek.

The southwestern and southeastern slopes of Sugarloaf drain into Beaver Kill, thence into Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.

The Devil's Path hiking trail traverses the summit ridge of Sugarloaf.