Its territory extended south of the Ponce de Leon Inlet to Caparaca, near present-day New Smyrna Beach.
Swanton states that location is much too far to the south and east, and understood the "large lake" to be one of the lagoons near Cape Canaveral.
The Spanish largely ignored the peoples of the coast south of St. Augustine, including the Surruque, for some 30 years after the city was established.
In retaliation, Timucua Indians allied with the Spanish attacked the Surruque, killing 60 and taking 54 men, women, and children back to St. Augustine as slaves.
Alvaro Mexia, a Spanish soldier from St. Augustine, stayed with the Surruque Indians for 8 days in 1605, waiting for permission to continue on a diplomatic mission to the Ais.